Quercus semecarpifolia (Kharsu)

Quercus semecarpifolia, commonly known as Kharsu oak, is a dominant and ecologically vital tree species found in the subalpine and temperate forests of the Great Himalayan National Park (GHNP). Known for its robust form and dense foliage, Kharsu oak plays a foundational role in sustaining biodiversity at higher elevations.

Distribution in the Great Himalayan National Park

In GHNP, Kharsu oak is typically found at elevations ranging from 2,500 to 3,300 meters, forming dense, evergreen forests on north-facing slopes. These forests are most prevalent in:

  • Tirthan Valley

  • Sainj Valley

  • Rolla–Shilt trail and parts of Rakhundi top

Botanical Features

  • Height: Can grow up to 25 meters tall

  • Leaves: Thick, leathery, and serrated with a dark green upper surface

  • Bark: Dark and deeply fissured

  • Acorns: Produced singly or in clusters; serve as food for birds and mammals

This species remains evergreen year-round and provides vital canopy cover and microhabitats.

Ecological Significance

The Kharsu oak forests are crucial for:

  • Preventing soil erosion on steep mountain slopes

  • Serving as wildlife habitat for species like the Himalayan black bear, musk deer, and numerous bird species such as the koklass pheasant

  • Acting as a carbon sink and regulating local microclimates

Its leaves also provide high-quality fodder for herbivores.

Quercus-semecarpifolia - Kharsu (Click to enlarge)

Quercus-semecarpifolia – Kharsu (Click to enlarge)

Local name Kharsu oak
Botanical name Quercus semecarpifolia
Family Fagaceae
Description It is a tree having young shoots tomentose. Leaves usually entire, brown or rusty tomentose beneath, lateral nerves forked. Scales of acorn imbricate. It is found at an altitude of 2100-3500m above all oaks.
Flowers and Fruits April – May
Distribution It is commonly found in temperate and sub-alpine forests, in Tirthan and Sainj valley

Cultural and Traditional Uses

Local communities in the Himachal region value Kharsu for:

  • Timber and fuelwood (though felling is now restricted in protected zones)

  • Fodder leaves during winter months

  • Traditional medicine, where bark extracts are sometimes used for treating fevers and wounds

Conservation Importance

Despite its resilience, Quercus semecarpifolia faces threats from:

  • Overgrazing

  • Lopping for fodder

  • Climate change, which shifts the tree line upward and fragments habitats

The Great Himalayan National Park, being a UNESCO World Heritage Site, offers these ancient oak forests a protected environment crucial for their long-term survival.